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[[英作文]]
＞ [[英作文/節|節]]

== 節 ==

節／従属節（以下クローズ＝Clausesと表記)とは、２つ以上の語のかたまりでS+Vを含みますが、それ自体ではセンテンスとして完全な意味を持ちません。
センテンスの中であたかも１つの品詞（語）であるように名詞的に（Noun Clauses)、形容詞的に（Adjective Clauses)、副詞的に（Adverbial Clauses)働きます。 

=== 名詞節 Noun Clauses ===

関係詞（who, what, why, how など）、疑問詞（who, what, why, where など）、従位接続詞（ that , if, whetherなど）に導かれ、センテンスの中で主語、目的語、補語、また先行する名詞を説明する同格の役割を果たします。節全体で１つの名詞のように働きます。

==== 例文 ====

□ ''''The woman who lives across the street'''' used to work for our company. 
＜'''向かいに住んでいる婦人'''は以前私たちの会社で働いていた＞ 

□ Can you tell me '''where I can find the bus stop?''' 
＜'''バス停の場所'''を教えていただけますか？＞

□ I know '''that he is a famous painter'''. 
＜私は'''彼が有名な絵描きだということ'''を知っている＞

□ The question is '''whether he will join us or not'''. 
＜'''彼が私たちに加わるかどうかということ'''が問題だ＞ 

□Ludwig van Beethoven, '''who wrote many outstanding works including the Nineth Symphony''', was hearing-impaired in his last years. 
＜'''交響曲第九番を始め多くの優れた楽曲を残したベートーベン'''は晩年耳が聞こえなかった＞

□ I'll give you '''whichever picture you like'''. 
＜'''どちらでも君が好きなほうの絵'''をあげるよ＞

=== 動名詞句 Gerund Phrases ===

V + [ ing ]  の形をとります。
一見動詞の-ing形ですが述語としての働きはなく、名詞として主語や目的語、補語の役割をします。
センテンスの始めにくるときには動名詞句の後に ,  (カンマ)が入り、その後に続くメインの独立した節(clause)と区切ります。

*動名詞句を使ったセンテンス例：

 ■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (I was feeling tired. So I went to bed early.)
 ■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (Jason was playing soccor. He hurt his leg.)
 ■ Departing airplanes were forced to wait at the terminal for 1 hour.（Sとして）
 ■ I like fishing in the river to relieve stress. （ likeのOとして ）
 ■ My hobby is playing the piano.（hobbyのCとして）　

*２つの事柄や状態が同時に起こっているときは、一方の動詞に 〜 ing をつけます。

 ■ My mother is in the kitchen making coffee.　（Mother is in the kitchen and she is making coffee.)
 ■ Don't just stand there doing nothing !
 ■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (= while he was playing)

*while や when のうしろににも 〜 ing を使うことができます。

 ■ Jason hurt his leg while playing soccer. 
 ■ Be careful when crossing the road.　（= when you are crossing the road）

*１つの事柄や状態の前に起こった事象にはhaving done または after  -ing を使います。

 ■ Having finished her work, she went back home. 
 ■ After finishing her work, she went back home.

*ほとんど間をおかない動作のつながりでは having done のかわりに最初の動詞に -ing　を使うことができます。

 ■ Taking a key out out of his pocket, he opened the door. 

*“どうして”　という説明をする場合、通常-ing句はセンテンスの始めに来ます。　

 ■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
 ■ Not having a car, they find it difficult to get around.  

*意味上の主語を所有格（目的格）へ変えます。 

 ■ I hope that John's taking that position means an increase in salary.　（太字全体がS）
 ■ Barbara was ashamed of her brother's having stolen the money. 


=== 句動詞  Phrasal Verbs ===
 
「動詞＋前置詞」、「動詞＋副詞」、「動詞＋副詞＋前置詞」、「動詞＋名詞＋前置詞」　で動詞の働きをする表現です。

==== 動詞とあわせてよく使われる語 ====

 in   on   up   away   around   about   over   by   out   off   down back   through   along   forward

*例文：

 ■ Do you believe in Santa Claus?
 ■ The train was full.  We couldn't get on.
 ■ I couldn't get up early this morning because I was very tired.
 ■ He agrees with them.
 ■ Watch out ! There's a car coming.       
 ■ Please turn off the room light.
 ■ Frank is going away on the 6th  and coming back on the 14th next month.　

*句動詞に前置詞がついた例：

 ■ You are walking too fast. I can't keep up with you.　
 ■ The thief ran away from the police.
 ■ I am looking forward to seeing you in June.　

==== 句動詞の目的語の位置 ====

句動詞の後ろでも動詞と副詞の間でもかまいませんが、目的語が代名詞（it, me, him, them, etc.）の場合のみ動詞と副詞の間に置きます。

*例文：

 ■ I turned off the light. 　=　 I turned the light off.
 ■ I turned it off. （ turned off it. にはなりません）

 ■ Don't wake up the baby.　＝　Don't wake the baby up.
 ■ The baby is asleep. Don't wake her up.（wake up her. にはなりません）　

=== 練習問題 ===

==== Exercise1 （前置詞句）====

それぞれのセンテンスの前置詞句を書きなさい。各センテンスに１つとは限りません。

# He works in an office.
# After the movie we went to the coffee shop for ice cream.
# The math test did not seem too difficult for them.
# They were talking about who would go to the soccer game.
# The Suzukis live across the street from my grandmother.
# I went to the concert with James.
# Lisa told her boss she would see him at 9:00 in the morning.
# Let's meet in front of the theater.
# I could't sleep well because of the traffic noise.
# In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time.

→ [[英作文/句/練習問題1【解答】|解答はこちら]]

==== Exercise2 （動名詞句）====

A. それぞれのセンテンスの動名詞句を書きなさい。

# My mother's taking so much medicine worries me.  
# While swiming in the river, we saw many small fish in a cave. 
# Amy went out saying she would be back in an hour.
# Not knowing his address, I wasn't able to contact him.
#Having had dinner, we continued our video game. 

B. 次の文に正しく続くものを (a)から(e)の中から選びなさい。

# We listened to the wind [<u>　　　　　　　　</u>].
# Wearing a ski cap in summer,  [<u>　　　　　　　　</u>].
# I fell asleep  [<u>　　　　　　　　</u>].
# Not being able to understand English,  [<u>　　　　　　　　</u>].
# Leaving the house in a hurry,  [<u>　　　　　　　　</u>].

選択群
*(a) watching TV
*(b) blowing violently outside
*(c) the boy didn't know what happened
*(d) Maria forgot to lock the front door
*(e) he looked ridiculous

→ [[英作文/句/練習問題2【解答】|解答はこちら]]


==== Exercise3 （句動詞）====

選択群Aにリストされている語と、選択群Bにリストされている語を組み合わせ、正しい自制でセンテンスを完成させなさい。
使われる語は一度だけとは限りません。

# My car (<u>　　　　　　　</u>) on the way here.
# The weather is terrible outside. I hope it (<u>　　　　　　　</u>) later.
# I like to (<u>　　　　　　　</u>) at the stars in the sky at night.
# Have you really bought a new house?  When are you (<u>　　　　　　　</u>) ? 
# I have (<u>　　　　　　　</u>) of beer.
# There used to be a store behind the library, but it (<u>　　　　　　　</u>) recently.
# You should not (<u>　　　　　　　</u>) him.
# Sarah was offered a job as an interpreter , but she (<u>　　　</u>) it (<u>　　　</u>).
# These apples are rotten.  (<u>　　　</u>) them (<u>　　　</u>).
# My sister is going to Japan tomorrow. I'm going to (<u>　　　</u>) her (<u>　　　</u>).

*選択群A:　move    break    run    close    clear    see    make fun    turn    back    throw
*選択群B:　down    in    up    off    out    at    away    of

→ [[英作文/句/練習問題3【解答】|解答はこちら]]

== 関連項目 ==

* [http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide/ English Grammar: a complete guide - Edufind]
* [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries]

== CAIテスト  ==

*[[cai_ja:ENGWRI00010004|CAIテストのページへ]]