英作文/節

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(例文)
 
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□ '''The woman who lives across the street''' used to work for our company.  
□ '''The woman who lives across the street''' used to work for our company.  
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<''向かいに住んでいる婦人''は以前私たちの会社で働いていた>  
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'''向かいに住んでいる婦人'''は以前私たちの会社で働いていた>  
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□ Can you tell me ''where I can find the bus stop?''  
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□ Can you tell me '''where I can find the bus stop?'''  
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<''バス停の場所''を教えていただけますか?>
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'''バス停の場所'''を教えていただけますか?>
-
□ I know ''that he is a famous painter''.  
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□ I know '''that he is a famous painter'''.  
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<私は''彼が有名な絵描きだということ''を知っている>
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<私は'''彼が有名な絵描きだということ'''を知っている>
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□ The question is ''whether he will join us or not''.  
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□ The question is '''whether he will join us or not'''.  
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<''彼が私たちに加わるかどうかということ''が問題だ>  
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'''彼が私たちに加わるかどうかということ'''が問題だ>  
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□Ludwig van Beethoven, ''who wrote many outstanding works including the Nineth Symphony'', was hearing-impaired in his last years.  
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□Ludwig van Beethoven, '''who wrote many outstanding works including the Nineth Symphony''', was hearing-impaired in his last years.  
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<''交響曲第九番を始め多くの優れた楽曲を残したベートーベン''は晩年耳が聞こえなかった>
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'''交響曲第九番を始め多くの優れた楽曲を残したベートーベン'''は晩年耳が聞こえなかった>
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□ I'll give you ''whichever picture you like''.  
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□ I'll give you '''whichever picture you like'''.  
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<''どちらでも君が好きなほうの絵''をあげるよ>
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'''どちらでも君が好きなほうの絵'''をあげるよ>
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****
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=== 形容詞節 Adjective Clauses ===
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=== 動名詞句 Gerund Phrases ===
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関係詞(that, which, who, whose, why, when, where,  asなど)の後にS+Vを伴い、センテンス内で先行する名詞や代名詞の意味を説明したり限定したりします。 修飾する名詞や代名詞の後ろに直接置くときには関係詞を省略することがありますが、カンマに挟んで補足的に説明する場合の関係詞は省けません。関係詞については文法の各項を参照してください。
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V + [ ing ]  の形をとります。
+
==== 例文 ====
-
一見動詞の-ing形ですが述語としての働きはなく、名詞として主語や目的語、補語の役割をします。
+
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センテンスの始めにくるときには動名詞句の後に ,  (カンマ)が入り、その後に続くメインの独立した節(clause)と区切ります。
+
-
*動名詞句を使ったセンテンス例:
+
□ The president '''who made decision on the project''' is totally responsible.
 +
(太字部分='''プロジェクトの決定をした'''がThe president を修飾)
-
■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (I was feeling tired. So I went to bed early.)
+
□ The book '''that I bought yesterday''' is very interesting.  
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■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (Jason was playing soccor. He hurt his leg.)
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( 太字部分='''私が昨日買った'''がThe book を修飾)  
-
■ Departing airplanes were forced to wait at the terminal for 1 hour.(Sとして)
+
-
■ I like fishing in the river to relieve stress. ( likeのOとして )
+
-
■ My hobby is playing the piano.(hobbyのCとして) 
+
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*2つの事柄や状態が同時に起こっているときは、一方の動詞に 〜 ing をつけます。
+
□ I would like to get some English books '''which I can read with ease'''.
 +
(太字部分='''私が簡単に読める'''が some English booksを修飾)
-
■ My mother is in the kitchen making coffee. (Mother is in the kitchen and she is making coffee.)
+
□ They are the children '''whom you saw in the park'''.  
-
■ Don't just stand there doing nothing !
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( 太字部分の='''君が公園で見た'''がthe children を修飾)
-
■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (= while he was playing)
+
-
*while や when のうしろににも 〜 ing を使うことができます。
+
□ I met a man '''whose son knows you'''.
 +
(太字部分='''息子が君を知っている'''が a manを修飾。whoseの場合は直後に名詞が来るのが特徴)
-
■ Jason hurt his leg while playing soccer.
+
□ That is the reason '''why you failed the test'''.  
-
■ Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing the road)
+
(太字部分='''なぜ君が試験に失敗したか'''が the reason を修飾)
-
*1つの事柄や状態の前に起こった事象にはhaving done または after -ing を使います。
+
□ Do you remember the hotel '''where we stayed last 12:29:46'''
 +
(太字部分='''この前私たちが宿泊した'''が the hotel を修飾)
-
  ■ Having finished her work, she went back home.  
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□ This is the same wallet '''as I lost yesterday'''.  
-
  ■ After finishing her work, she went back home.
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(太字部分='''私が昨日なくした'''がthe same wallet を修飾)
-
*ほとんど間をおかない動作のつながりでは having done のかわりに最初の動詞に -ing を使うことができます。
+
=== 副詞節  Adverbial Clauses ===
 +
 +
従位接続詞や関係副詞の後にS+Vを伴い、原因、結果、条件、程度、時、様態など、さまざまな意味を持ちながらセンテンスの主節全体を修飾します。
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■ Taking a key out out of his pocket, he opened the door.
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副詞節を導く主な接続詞を次にリストします。詳しくは文法の各項を参照してください。
-
*“どうして” という説明をする場合、通常-ing句はセンテンスの始めに来ます。 
+
==== 副詞節を導く主な接続詞 ====
-
  ■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
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  after, although, as, as far as, as long as, as if, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, if,  
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  ■ Not having a car, they find it difficult to get around. 
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  provided that, since, so that, that, unless, until, whether, when, whenever, where, whichever, while, whose, why
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*意味上の主語を所有格(目的格)へ変えます。
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when と whereを除いて、副詞節はこれらの接続詞で始まります。(when と whereが文頭にくるときには節ではなく独立した疑問文)
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■ I hope that John's taking that position means an increase in salary. (太字全体がS)
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==== 例文 ====
-
■ Barbara was ashamed of her brother's having stolen the money.
+
 +
□ Please tell me '''where the concert hall is'''. I think I'm lost. 
 +
(場所を表す太字部分='''コンサートホールがどこにあるか'''が主節のPlease tell meを修飾)
-
=== 句動詞  Phrasal Verbs ===
+
□ Can you imagine '''when there were no PCs'''?
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(時を表す太字部分='''コンピュータがなかった時代'''が主節の Can you imagine を修飾)
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「動詞+前置詞」、「動詞+副詞」、「動詞+副詞+前置詞」、「動詞+名詞+前置詞」 で動詞の働きをする表現です。
+
-
==== 動詞とあわせてよく使われる語 ====
+
□ Bill was late for scholl '''because he had overslept'''. 
 +
(理由を表す太字部分='''寝坊したので'''が主節の Bill was late for scholl を修飾)
-
in  on  up  away  around  about  over  by  out  off  down back  through  along  forward
+
□ Kathy was very happy '''that she passed the entrance exam'''.
 +
(理由を表す太字部分='''入試を突破したので'''が主節の Kathy was very happy を修飾)
-
*例文:
+
□ '''If we don't hurry''', we'll be late. 
 +
(条件を表す太字部分='''急がなければ'''が主節の we'll be late を修飾)
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■ Do you believe in Santa Claus?
+
□ You can't use this jym '''unless you are a member'''.   
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■ The train was full.  We couldn't get on.
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(条件を表す太字部分='''メンバーでない限り'''が主節のYou can't use this jym を修飾)
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■ I couldn't get up early this morning because I was very tired.
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■ He agrees with them.
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■ Watch out ! There's a car coming.      
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  ■ Please turn off the room light.
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■ Frank is going away on the 6th  and coming back on the 14th next month. 
+
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*句動詞に前置詞がついた例:
+
□ She spoke slowly and clearly '''so that her grand mother might understand her'''. 
 +
(目的を表す太字部分='''お祖母さんが分かるように'''が主節の She spoke slowly and clearly を修飾)
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■ You are walking too fast. I can't keep up with you. 
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□ Akira passed the exam '''although he didn't study hard'''.   
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  ■ The thief ran away from the police.
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(譲歩を表す太字部分='''一生懸命勉強しなかったにもかかわらず'''が主節の Akira passed the exam を修飾)
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■ I am looking forward to seeing you in June. 
+
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==== 句動詞の目的語の位置 ====
+
□ I'm exhausted! I feel '''as if I have run a full marathon'''. 
 +
(様態を表す太字部分='''まるでフルマラソンを走ったかのように'''が主節の I feel を修飾)
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句動詞の後ろでも動詞と副詞の間でもかまいませんが、目的語が代名詞(it, me, him, them, etc.)の場合のみ動詞と副詞の間に置きます。
 
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*例文:
+
Remark: '''before''' と '''after'''は、そのすぐ後ろにS+Vがくるときには時を表す従位接続詞ですが、名詞や動名詞がくるときには前置詞として前置詞句の一部となります。
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■ I turned off the light.  =  I turned the light off.
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□ We decided to have some light meal '''before we watched the movie'''. (副詞節)
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■ I turned it off. ( turned off it. にはなりません)
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(時を表す太字部分='''映画を見る前に'''がその前の主節全体を修飾)
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■ Don't wake up the baby. = Don't wake the baby up.
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'''After the movie''' we decided to have some light meal.   (前置詞句)
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■ The baby is asleep. Don't wake her up.(wake up her. にはなりません) 
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(前置詞+名詞=前置詞句 映画の後で)
=== 練習問題 ===
=== 練習問題 ===
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==== Exercise1 (前置詞句)====
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==== Exercise1 (従属節)====
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それぞれのセンテンスの前置詞句を書きなさい。各センテンスに1つとは限りません。
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次の各センテンスに含まれる従属節部分を書き出しなさい。
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# He works in an office.
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# While we were watching the soccer game, it began to rain.  
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# After the movie we went to the coffee shop for ice cream.
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# Do you know anyone who speaks English and French fluently?
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# The math test did not seem too difficult for them.
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# What you are saying is completely wrong.  
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# They were talking about who would go to the soccer game.
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# We know some people who live in the United States.  
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# The Suzukis live across the street from my grandmother.
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# My mother always cooked for us even though she had a full time job.  
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# I went to the concert with James.
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# Everything that happened was basically my fault.  
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# Lisa told her boss she would see him at 9:00 in the morning.
+
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# Let's meet in front of the theater.
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# I could't sleep well because of the traffic noise.
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# In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time.
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→ [[英作文//練習問題1【解答】|解答はこちら]]
+
→ [[英作文//練習問題1【解答】|解答はこちら]]
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==== Exercise2 (動名詞句)====
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==== Exercise2 (副詞節)====
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A. それぞれのセンテンスの動名詞句を書きなさい。
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選択群(a)から(e)の中から選んで空白の部分を埋めなさい。必要に応じて大文字を使用してください。
-
# My mother's taking so much medicine worries me.
+
# [<u>______________________</u>] is not too difficult.  
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# While swiming in the river, we saw many small fish in a cave.
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# I have no idea [<u>______________________</u>].  
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# Amy went out saying she would be back in an hour.
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# We will arrive the airport by four [<u>______________________</u>].  
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# Not knowing his address, I wasn't able to contact him.
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# The woman [<u>______________________</u>] is a principal of our school.  
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#Having had dinner, we continued our video game.
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# We stayed at the beach villa [<u>______________________</u>].  
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+
# We rented a car with navigation [<u>______________________</u>].  
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B. 次の文に正しく続くものを (a)から(e)の中から選びなさい。
+
# [<u>______________________</u>], this road always has a traffic jam.  
-
 
+
-
# We listened to the wind [<u>        </u>].
+
-
# Wearing a ski cap in summer,  [<u>        </u>].
+
-
# I fell asleep  [<u>        </u>].
+
-
# Not being able to understand English,  [<u>        </u>].
+
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# Leaving the house in a hurry,  [<u>        </u>].
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選択群
選択群
-
*(a) watching TV
+
*(a) whom you met at the graduation
-
*(b) blowing violently outside
+
*(b) when it snows
-
*(c) the boy didn't know what happened
+
*(c) so that we would not get lost
-
*(d) Maria forgot to lock the front door
+
*(d) that Kim recommended to us
-
*(e) he looked ridiculous
+
*(e) how I got home last night
-
 
+
*(f) that you study English
-
→ [[英作文/句/練習問題2【解答】|解答はこちら]]
+
*(g) if we leave now
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
==== Exercise3 (句動詞)====
+
-
 
+
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選択群Aにリストされている語と、選択群Bにリストされている語を組み合わせ、正しい自制でセンテンスを完成させなさい。
+
-
使われる語は一度だけとは限りません。
+
-
 
+
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# My car (<u>       </u>) on the way here.
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# The weather is terrible outside. I hope it (<u>       </u>) later.
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# I like to (<u>       </u>) at the stars in the sky at night.
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# Have you really bought a new house?  When are you (<u>       </u>) ?
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# I have (<u>       </u>) of beer.
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# There used to be a store behind the library, but it (<u>       </u>) recently.
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# You should not (<u>       </u>) him.
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# Sarah was offered a job as an interpreter , but she (<u>   </u>) it (<u>   </u>).
+
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# These apples are rotten.  (<u>   </u>) them (<u>   </u>).
+
-
# My sister is going to Japan tomorrow. I'm going to (<u>   </u>) her (<u>   </u>).
+
-
 
+
-
*選択群A: move    break    run    close    clear    see    make fun    turn    back    throw
+
-
*選択群B: down    in    up    off    out    at    away    of
+
-
→ [[英作文//練習問題3【解答】|解答はこちら]]
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→ [[英作文//練習問題2【解答】|解答はこちら]]
== 関連項目 ==
== 関連項目 ==
190 行: 158 行:
*[[cai_ja:ENGWRI00010004|CAIテストのページへ]]
*[[cai_ja:ENGWRI00010004|CAIテストのページへ]]
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[[en:English_Composition/Clauses]]
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[[ja:英作文/節]]

2019年11月14日 (木) 10:03 時点における最新版

英作文

目次

節/従属節(以下クローズ=Clausesと表記)とは、2つ以上の語のかたまりでS+Vを含みますが、それ自体ではセンテンスとして完全な意味を持ちません。 センテンスの中であたかも1つの品詞(語)であるように名詞的に(Noun Clauses)、形容詞的に(Adjective Clauses)、副詞的に(Adverbial Clauses)働きます。

名詞節 Noun Clauses

関係詞(who, what, why, how など)、疑問詞(who, what, why, where など)、従位接続詞( that , if, whetherなど)に導かれ、センテンスの中で主語、目的語、補語、また先行する名詞を説明する同格の役割を果たします。節全体で1つの名詞のように働きます。

例文

The woman who lives across the street used to work for our company. <向かいに住んでいる婦人は以前私たちの会社で働いていた>

□ Can you tell me where I can find the bus stop?バス停の場所を教えていただけますか?>

□ I know that he is a famous painter. <私は彼が有名な絵描きだということを知っている>

□ The question is whether he will join us or not. <彼が私たちに加わるかどうかということが問題だ>

□Ludwig van Beethoven, who wrote many outstanding works including the Nineth Symphony, was hearing-impaired in his last years. <交響曲第九番を始め多くの優れた楽曲を残したベートーベンは晩年耳が聞こえなかった>

□ I'll give you whichever picture you like. <どちらでも君が好きなほうの絵をあげるよ>

形容詞節 Adjective Clauses

関係詞(that, which, who, whose, why, when, where, asなど)の後にS+Vを伴い、センテンス内で先行する名詞や代名詞の意味を説明したり限定したりします。 修飾する名詞や代名詞の後ろに直接置くときには関係詞を省略することがありますが、カンマに挟んで補足的に説明する場合の関係詞は省けません。関係詞については文法の各項を参照してください。

例文

□ The president who made decision on the project is totally responsible. (太字部分=プロジェクトの決定をしたがThe president を修飾)

□ The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. ( 太字部分=私が昨日買ったがThe book を修飾)

□ I would like to get some English books which I can read with ease. (太字部分=私が簡単に読めるが some English booksを修飾)

□ They are the children whom you saw in the park. ( 太字部分の=君が公園で見たがthe children を修飾)

□ I met a man whose son knows you. (太字部分=息子が君を知っているが a manを修飾。whoseの場合は直後に名詞が来るのが特徴)

□ That is the reason why you failed the test. (太字部分=なぜ君が試験に失敗したかが the reason を修飾)

□ Do you remember the hotel where we stayed last 12:29:46 (太字部分=この前私たちが宿泊したが the hotel を修飾)

□ This is the same wallet as I lost yesterday. (太字部分=私が昨日なくしたがthe same wallet を修飾)

副詞節 Adverbial Clauses

従位接続詞や関係副詞の後にS+Vを伴い、原因、結果、条件、程度、時、様態など、さまざまな意味を持ちながらセンテンスの主節全体を修飾します。

副詞節を導く主な接続詞を次にリストします。詳しくは文法の各項を参照してください。

副詞節を導く主な接続詞

after, although, as, as far as, as long as, as if, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, if, 
provided that, since, so that, that, unless, until, whether, when, whenever, where, whichever, while, whose, why

when と whereを除いて、副詞節はこれらの接続詞で始まります。(when と whereが文頭にくるときには節ではなく独立した疑問文)

例文

□ Please tell me where the concert hall is. I think I'm lost. (場所を表す太字部分=コンサートホールがどこにあるかが主節のPlease tell meを修飾)

□ Can you imagine when there were no PCs? (時を表す太字部分=コンピュータがなかった時代が主節の Can you imagine を修飾)

□ Bill was late for scholl because he had overslept. (理由を表す太字部分=寝坊したのでが主節の Bill was late for scholl を修飾)

□ Kathy was very happy that she passed the entrance exam. (理由を表す太字部分=入試を突破したのでが主節の Kathy was very happy を修飾)

If we don't hurry, we'll be late. (条件を表す太字部分=急がなければが主節の we'll be late を修飾)

□ You can't use this jym unless you are a member. (条件を表す太字部分=メンバーでない限りが主節のYou can't use this jym を修飾)

□ She spoke slowly and clearly so that her grand mother might understand her. (目的を表す太字部分=お祖母さんが分かるようにが主節の She spoke slowly and clearly を修飾)

□ Akira passed the exam although he didn't study hard. (譲歩を表す太字部分=一生懸命勉強しなかったにもかかわらずが主節の Akira passed the exam を修飾)

□ I'm exhausted! I feel as if I have run a full marathon. (様態を表す太字部分=まるでフルマラソンを走ったかのようにが主節の I feel を修飾)


Remark: beforeafterは、そのすぐ後ろにS+Vがくるときには時を表す従位接続詞ですが、名詞や動名詞がくるときには前置詞として前置詞句の一部となります。

□ We decided to have some light meal before we watched the movie. (副詞節) (時を表す太字部分=映画を見る前にがその前の主節全体を修飾)

After the movie we decided to have some light meal. (前置詞句) (前置詞+名詞=前置詞句 映画の後で)

練習問題

Exercise1 (従属節)

次の各センテンスに含まれる従属節部分を書き出しなさい。

  1. While we were watching the soccer game, it began to rain.
  2. Do you know anyone who speaks English and French fluently?
  3. What you are saying is completely wrong.
  4. We know some people who live in the United States.
  5. My mother always cooked for us even though she had a full time job.
  6. Everything that happened was basically my fault.

解答はこちら

Exercise2 (副詞節)

選択群(a)から(e)の中から選んで空白の部分を埋めなさい。必要に応じて大文字を使用してください。

  1. [______________________] is not too difficult.
  2. I have no idea [______________________].
  3. We will arrive the airport by four [______________________].
  4. The woman [______________________] is a principal of our school.
  5. We stayed at the beach villa [______________________].
  6. We rented a car with navigation [______________________].
  7. [______________________], this road always has a traffic jam.

選択群

  • (a) whom you met at the graduation
  • (b) when it snows
  • (c) so that we would not get lost
  • (d) that Kim recommended to us
  • (e) how I got home last night
  • (f) that you study English
  • (g) if we leave now

解答はこちら

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