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2015年5月21日 (木) 05:04時点における版

英作文

目次

節/従属節(以下クローズ=Clausesと表記)とは、2つ以上の語のかたまりでS+Vを含みますが、それ自体ではセンテンスとして完全な意味を持ちません。 センテンスの中であたかも1つの品詞(語)であるように名詞的に(Noun Clauses)、形容詞的に(Adjective Clauses)、副詞的に(Adverbial Clauses)働きます。

名詞節 Noun Clauses

関係詞(who, what, why, how など)、疑問詞(who, what, why, where など)、従位接続詞( that , if, whetherなど)に導かれ、センテンスの中で主語、目的語、補語、また先行する名詞を説明する同格の役割を果たします。節全体で1つの名詞のように働きます。

例文

The woman who lives across the street used to work for our company. <向かいに住んでいる婦人は以前私たちの会社で働いていた>

□ Can you tell me where I can find the bus stop?バス停の場所を教えていただけますか?>

□ I know that he is a famous painter. <私は彼が有名な絵描きだということを知っている>

□ The question is whether he will join us or not. <彼が私たちに加わるかどうかということが問題だ>

□Ludwig van Beethoven, who wrote many outstanding works including the Nineth Symphony, was hearing-impaired in his last years. <交響曲第九番を始め多くの優れた楽曲を残したベートーベンは晩年耳が聞こえなかった>

□ I'll give you whichever picture you like. <どちらでも君が好きなほうの絵をあげるよ>

****

動名詞句 Gerund Phrases

V + [ ing ] の形をとります。 一見動詞の-ing形ですが述語としての働きはなく、名詞として主語や目的語、補語の役割をします。 センテンスの始めにくるときには動名詞句の後に , (カンマ)が入り、その後に続くメインの独立した節(clause)と区切ります。

  • 動名詞句を使ったセンテンス例:
■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (I was feeling tired. So I went to bed early.)
■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (Jason was playing soccor. He hurt his leg.)
■ Departing airplanes were forced to wait at the terminal for 1 hour.(Sとして)
■ I like fishing in the river to relieve stress. ( likeのOとして )
■ My hobby is playing the piano.(hobbyのCとして) 
  • 2つの事柄や状態が同時に起こっているときは、一方の動詞に 〜 ing をつけます。
■ My mother is in the kitchen making coffee. (Mother is in the kitchen and she is making coffee.)
■ Don't just stand there doing nothing !
■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (= while he was playing)
  • while や when のうしろににも 〜 ing を使うことができます。
■ Jason hurt his leg while playing soccer. 
■ Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing the road)
  • 1つの事柄や状態の前に起こった事象にはhaving done または after -ing を使います。
■ Having finished her work, she went back home. 
■ After finishing her work, she went back home.
  • ほとんど間をおかない動作のつながりでは having done のかわりに最初の動詞に -ing を使うことができます。
■ Taking a key out out of his pocket, he opened the door. 
  • “どうして” という説明をする場合、通常-ing句はセンテンスの始めに来ます。 
■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
■ Not having a car, they find it difficult to get around.  
  • 意味上の主語を所有格(目的格)へ変えます。
■ I hope that John's taking that position means an increase in salary. (太字全体がS)
■ Barbara was ashamed of her brother's having stolen the money. 


句動詞 Phrasal Verbs

「動詞+前置詞」、「動詞+副詞」、「動詞+副詞+前置詞」、「動詞+名詞+前置詞」 で動詞の働きをする表現です。

動詞とあわせてよく使われる語

in   on   up   away   around   about   over   by   out   off   down back   through   along   forward
  • 例文:
■ Do you believe in Santa Claus?
■ The train was full.  We couldn't get on.
■ I couldn't get up early this morning because I was very tired.
■ He agrees with them.
■ Watch out ! There's a car coming.       
■ Please turn off the room light.
■ Frank is going away on the 6th  and coming back on the 14th next month. 
  • 句動詞に前置詞がついた例:
■ You are walking too fast. I can't keep up with you. 
■ The thief ran away from the police.
■ I am looking forward to seeing you in June. 

句動詞の目的語の位置

句動詞の後ろでも動詞と副詞の間でもかまいませんが、目的語が代名詞(it, me, him, them, etc.)の場合のみ動詞と副詞の間に置きます。

  • 例文:
■ I turned off the light.  =  I turned the light off.
■ I turned it off. ( turned off it. にはなりません)
■ Don't wake up the baby. = Don't wake the baby up.
■ The baby is asleep. Don't wake her up.(wake up her. にはなりません) 

練習問題

Exercise1 (前置詞句)

それぞれのセンテンスの前置詞句を書きなさい。各センテンスに1つとは限りません。

  1. He works in an office.
  2. After the movie we went to the coffee shop for ice cream.
  3. The math test did not seem too difficult for them.
  4. They were talking about who would go to the soccer game.
  5. The Suzukis live across the street from my grandmother.
  6. I went to the concert with James.
  7. Lisa told her boss she would see him at 9:00 in the morning.
  8. Let's meet in front of the theater.
  9. I could't sleep well because of the traffic noise.
  10. In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time.

解答はこちら

Exercise2 (動名詞句)

A. それぞれのセンテンスの動名詞句を書きなさい。

  1. My mother's taking so much medicine worries me.
  2. While swiming in the river, we saw many small fish in a cave.
  3. Amy went out saying she would be back in an hour.
  4. Not knowing his address, I wasn't able to contact him.
  5. Having had dinner, we continued our video game.

B. 次の文に正しく続くものを (a)から(e)の中から選びなさい。

  1. We listened to the wind [        ].
  2. Wearing a ski cap in summer, [        ].
  3. I fell asleep [        ].
  4. Not being able to understand English, [        ].
  5. Leaving the house in a hurry, [        ].

選択群

  • (a) watching TV
  • (b) blowing violently outside
  • (c) the boy didn't know what happened
  • (d) Maria forgot to lock the front door
  • (e) he looked ridiculous

解答はこちら


Exercise3 (句動詞)

選択群Aにリストされている語と、選択群Bにリストされている語を組み合わせ、正しい自制でセンテンスを完成させなさい。 使われる語は一度だけとは限りません。

  1. My car (       ) on the way here.
  2. The weather is terrible outside. I hope it (       ) later.
  3. I like to (       ) at the stars in the sky at night.
  4. Have you really bought a new house? When are you (       ) ?
  5. I have (       ) of beer.
  6. There used to be a store behind the library, but it (       ) recently.
  7. You should not (       ) him.
  8. Sarah was offered a job as an interpreter , but she (   ) it (   ).
  9. These apples are rotten. (   ) them (   ).
  10. My sister is going to Japan tomorrow. I'm going to (   ) her (   ).
  • 選択群A: move break run close clear see make fun turn back throw
  • 選択群B: down in up off out at away of

解答はこちら

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