英作文/節
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2015年5月21日 (木) 05:04時点における版
英作文 ＞ 節
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節
節／従属節（以下クローズ＝Clausesと表記)とは、２つ以上の語のかたまりでS+Vを含みますが、それ自体ではセンテンスとして完全な意味を持ちません。 センテンスの中であたかも１つの品詞（語）であるように名詞的に（Noun Clauses)、形容詞的に（Adjective Clauses)、副詞的に（Adverbial Clauses)働きます。
名詞節 Noun Clauses
関係詞（who, what, why, how など）、疑問詞（who, what, why, where など）、従位接続詞（ that , if, whetherなど）に導かれ、センテンスの中で主語、目的語、補語、また先行する名詞を説明する同格の役割を果たします。節全体で１つの名詞のように働きます。
例文
□ The woman who lives across the street used to work for our company. ＜向かいに住んでいる婦人は以前私たちの会社で働いていた＞
□ Can you tell me where I can find the bus stop? ＜バス停の場所を教えていただけますか？＞
□ I know that he is a famous painter. ＜私は彼が有名な絵描きだということを知っている＞
□ The question is whether he will join us or not. ＜彼が私たちに加わるかどうかということが問題だ＞
□Ludwig van Beethoven, who wrote many outstanding works including the Nineth Symphony, was hearing-impaired in his last years. ＜交響曲第九番を始め多くの優れた楽曲を残したベートーベンは晩年耳が聞こえなかった＞
□ I'll give you whichever picture you like. ＜どちらでも君が好きなほうの絵をあげるよ＞
＊＊＊＊
動名詞句 Gerund Phrases
V + [ ing ] の形をとります。 一見動詞の-ing形ですが述語としての働きはなく、名詞として主語や目的語、補語の役割をします。 センテンスの始めにくるときには動名詞句の後に , (カンマ)が入り、その後に続くメインの独立した節(clause)と区切ります。
- 動名詞句を使ったセンテンス例：
■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (I was feeling tired. So I went to bed early.) ■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (Jason was playing soccor. He hurt his leg.) ■ Departing airplanes were forced to wait at the terminal for 1 hour.（Sとして） ■ I like fishing in the river to relieve stress. （ likeのOとして ） ■ My hobby is playing the piano.（hobbyのCとして）
- ２つの事柄や状態が同時に起こっているときは、一方の動詞に 〜 ing をつけます。
■ My mother is in the kitchen making coffee. （Mother is in the kitchen and she is making coffee.) ■ Don't just stand there doing nothing ! ■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (= while he was playing)
- while や when のうしろににも 〜 ing を使うことができます。
■ Jason hurt his leg while playing soccer. ■ Be careful when crossing the road. （= when you are crossing the road）
- １つの事柄や状態の前に起こった事象にはhaving done または after -ing を使います。
■ Having finished her work, she went back home. ■ After finishing her work, she went back home.
- ほとんど間をおかない動作のつながりでは having done のかわりに最初の動詞に -ing を使うことができます。
■ Taking a key out out of his pocket, he opened the door.
- “どうして” という説明をする場合、通常-ing句はセンテンスの始めに来ます。
■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early. ■ Not having a car, they find it difficult to get around.
- 意味上の主語を所有格（目的格）へ変えます。
■ I hope that John's taking that position means an increase in salary. （太字全体がS） ■ Barbara was ashamed of her brother's having stolen the money.
句動詞 Phrasal Verbs
「動詞＋前置詞」、「動詞＋副詞」、「動詞＋副詞＋前置詞」、「動詞＋名詞＋前置詞」 で動詞の働きをする表現です。
動詞とあわせてよく使われる語
in on up away around about over by out off down back through along forward
- 例文：
■ Do you believe in Santa Claus? ■ The train was full. We couldn't get on. ■ I couldn't get up early this morning because I was very tired. ■ He agrees with them. ■ Watch out ! There's a car coming. ■ Please turn off the room light. ■ Frank is going away on the 6th and coming back on the 14th next month.
- 句動詞に前置詞がついた例：
■ You are walking too fast. I can't keep up with you. ■ The thief ran away from the police. ■ I am looking forward to seeing you in June.
句動詞の目的語の位置
句動詞の後ろでも動詞と副詞の間でもかまいませんが、目的語が代名詞（it, me, him, them, etc.）の場合のみ動詞と副詞の間に置きます。
- 例文：
■ I turned off the light. = I turned the light off. ■ I turned it off. （ turned off it. にはなりません）
■ Don't wake up the baby. ＝ Don't wake the baby up. ■ The baby is asleep. Don't wake her up.（wake up her. にはなりません）
練習問題
Exercise1 （前置詞句）
それぞれのセンテンスの前置詞句を書きなさい。各センテンスに１つとは限りません。
- He works in an office.
- After the movie we went to the coffee shop for ice cream.
- The math test did not seem too difficult for them.
- They were talking about who would go to the soccer game.
- The Suzukis live across the street from my grandmother.
- I went to the concert with James.
- Lisa told her boss she would see him at 9:00 in the morning.
- Let's meet in front of the theater.
- I could't sleep well because of the traffic noise.
- In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time.
→ 解答はこちら
Exercise2 （動名詞句）
A. それぞれのセンテンスの動名詞句を書きなさい。
- My mother's taking so much medicine worries me.
- While swiming in the river, we saw many small fish in a cave.
- Amy went out saying she would be back in an hour.
- Not knowing his address, I wasn't able to contact him.
- Having had dinner, we continued our video game.
B. 次の文に正しく続くものを (a)から(e)の中から選びなさい。
- We listened to the wind [ ].
- Wearing a ski cap in summer, [ ].
- I fell asleep [ ].
- Not being able to understand English, [ ].
- Leaving the house in a hurry, [ ].
選択群
- (a) watching TV
- (b) blowing violently outside
- (c) the boy didn't know what happened
- (d) Maria forgot to lock the front door
- (e) he looked ridiculous
→ 解答はこちら
Exercise3 （句動詞）
選択群Aにリストされている語と、選択群Bにリストされている語を組み合わせ、正しい自制でセンテンスを完成させなさい。 使われる語は一度だけとは限りません。
- My car ( ) on the way here.
- The weather is terrible outside. I hope it ( ) later.
- I like to ( ) at the stars in the sky at night.
- Have you really bought a new house? When are you ( ) ?
- I have ( ) of beer.
- There used to be a store behind the library, but it ( ) recently.
- You should not ( ) him.
- Sarah was offered a job as an interpreter , but she ( ) it ( ).
- These apples are rotten. ( ) them ( ).
- My sister is going to Japan tomorrow. I'm going to ( ) her ( ).
- 選択群A: move break run close clear see make fun turn back throw
- 選択群B: down in up off out at away of
→ 解答はこちら
