英作文/句

提供: Internet Web School

UNIQ3b09a3525e987f22-MathJax-2-QINU2 による版

句

句（以下フレーズ＝Phrasesと表記)とは、２つ以上の語のかたまりで１つの品詞（語）と同じような働きをするもので、S+Vを含みません。フレーズにはいくつかのタイプがあります。一般的にそれぞれのフレーズの働きが名詞的か、形容詞的か、副詞的かというとらえかたをします。ここでは、前置詞句（Prepositional Phrases）と動名詞句（Gerund Phrases）、そして句動詞（Phrasal Verbs）を使ったセンテンスをみてみましょう。

前置詞句 Prepositional Phrases

前置詞＋（the/a）＋名詞　の形をとり、どこ(where)やいつ(when)、どういうふうに(how)などを表したり補足します。

前置詞句を作る前置詞

about    above    according to    across    after    ahead of    along    among    apart from    around    
as    as far as    at    because of    before    behind    below    beside    between    beyond    but(except)
concerning    contrary to    despite    down    during    except    for    from    in    in addition to    
in front of    in place of    in regard to    in spite of    in view of    instead of    into    like    near
of    off    on    on account of    out    out of    outside    over    past    since    through    to    toward  
under    underneath    until(till)    up    up to    upon    with    within    without

どこ(where)を表す例：

■ My brother parked the car in front of the garage and came into the house.

in front of とintoという前置詞を使った、太字部分の２つの前置詞句が含まれています。

いつ(when)を表す例：

■ Your homework must be finished before next Monday.

before を使った太字の部分が前置詞句です。

どういうふうに(how)を表す例：

■ Because I was not properly dressed, I felt out of place at the party.

out ofを使った太字部分が前置詞句です。

動名詞句 Gerund Phrases

V + [ ing ] の形をとります。一見動詞の-ing形ですが述語としての働きはなく、名詞として主語や目的語、補語の役割をします。センテンスの始めにくるときには動名詞句の後に , (カンマ)が入り、その後に続くメインの独立した節(clause)と区切ります。

動名詞句を使ったセンテンス例：

■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (I was feeling tired. So I went to bed early.)
■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (Jason was playing soccor. He hurt his leg.)
■ Departing airplanes were forced to wait at the terminal for 1 hour.（Sとして）
■ I like fishing in the river to relieve stress. （ likeのOとして ）
■ My hobby is playing the piano.（hobbyのCとして）

２つの事柄や状態が同時に起こっているときは、一方の動詞に〜 ing をつけます。

■ My mother is in the kitchen making coffee.　（Mother is in the kitchen and she is making coffee.)
■ Don't just stand there doing nothing !
■ Jason hurt his leg playing soccor. (= while he was playing)

while や when のうしろににも〜 ing を使うことができます。

■ Jason hurt his leg while playing soccer. 
■ Be careful when crossing the road.　（= when you are crossing the road）

１つの事柄や状態の前に起こった事象にはhaving done または after -ing を使います。

■ Having finished her work, she went back home. 
■ After finishing her work, she went back home.

ほとんど間をおかない動作のつながりでは having done のかわりに最初の動詞に -ing　を使うことができます。

■ Taking a key out out of his pocket, he opened the door.

“どうして”　という説明をする場合、通常-ing句はセンテンスの始めに来ます。

■ Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
■ Not having a car, they find it difficult to get around.

意味上の主語を所有格（目的格）へ変えます。

■ I hope that John's taking that position means an increase in salary.　（太字全体がS）
■ Barbara was ashamed of her brother's having stolen the money.

句動詞 Phrasal Verbs

「動詞＋前置詞」、「動詞＋副詞」、「動詞＋副詞＋前置詞」、「動詞＋名詞＋前置詞」　で動詞の働きをする表現です。

動詞とあわせてよく使われる語

in   on   up   away   around   about   over   by   out   off   down back   through   along   forward

例文：

■ Do you believe in Santa Claus?
■ The train was full.  We couldn't get on.
■ I couldn't get up early this morning because I was very tired.
■ He agrees with them.
■ Watch out ! There's a car coming.       
■ Please turn off the room light.
■ Frank is going away on the 6th  and coming back on the 14th next month.

句動詞に前置詞がついた例：

■ You are walking too fast. I can't keep up with you.　
■ The thief ran away from the police.
■ I am looking forward to seeing you in June.

句動詞の目的語の位置

句動詞の後ろでも動詞と副詞の間でもかまいませんが、目的語が代名詞（it, me, him, them, etc.）の場合のみ動詞と副詞の間に置きます。

例文：

■ I turned off the light. 　=　 I turned the light off.
■ I turned it off. （ turned off it. にはなりません）

■ Don't wake up the baby.　＝　Don't wake the baby up.
■ The baby is asleep. Don't wake her up.（wake up her. にはなりません）

練習問題

Exercise1 （前置詞句）

それぞれのセンテンスの前置詞句を書きなさい。各センテンスに１つとは限りません。

He works in an office.
After the movie we went to the coffee shop for ice cream.
The math test did not seem too difficult for them.
They were talking about who would go to the soccer game.
The Suzukis live across the street from my grandmother.
I went to the concert with James.
Lisa told her boss she would see him at 9:00 in the morning.
Let's meet in front of the theater.
I could't sleep well because of the traffic noise.
In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time.

→ 解答はこちら

Exercise2 （動名詞句）

A. それぞれのセンテンスの動名詞句を書きなさい。

My mother's taking so much medicine worries me.
While swiming in the river, we saw many small fish in a cave.
Amy went out saying she would be back in an hour.
Not knowing his address, I wasn't able to contact him.
Having had dinner, we continued our video game.

B. 次の文に正しく続くものを (a)から(e)の中から選びなさい。

We listened to the wind [　　　　　　　　].
Wearing a ski cap in summer, [　　　　　　　　].
I fell asleep [　　　　　　　　].
Not being able to understand English, [　　　　　　　　].
Leaving the house in a hurry, [　　　　　　　　].

選択群

(a) watching TV
(b) blowing violently outside
(c) the boy didn't know what happened
(d) Maria forgot to lock the front door
(e) he looked ridiculous